Homans in social behavior as exchange 1958 made a conscious effort to identify and advance this point of view. Everyone has hit the wall at one point or another and. The basic purpose of exchange theory is to maximise benefits and minimise costs. Cl,r, doesnt speak to the issue of attraction or satisfaction. Social exchange theory 55 issue of distributive justice in social exchange relations. Social exchange theory set is one the most influential conceptual paradigms in organizational behavior. Social exchange theory varey major reference works. Jul 06, 2017 definition social exchange theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. How social exchange theory applies to the workplace. At its most basic, social exchange theory may be viewed as providing an economic metaphor to social relationships. Parent and child now have similar personal interest in the relationship. The theory therefore places the focus predominantly on the relational context.
The most helpful and insightful way to understand the social exchange theory is to divide the currencies in terms of visibility, which well call layers. This was too bad, not only because the theory is not limited to social behavior that looks like. Social exchange theory is a major theoretical perspective in sociology. Feb, 20 exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. It can be anything whether the sense of acceptance. Theories and models for social marketing abound, with little formal consensus on which types of models for what types of social problems in what kinds of situations are most appropriate. The irony derives from the fact that homans was explicitly much less interested in norms since he was preoccupied with the subinstitutional level of analysis in his study of elementary social behavior. Social exchange theory is a viable theoretical framework to examine rela. From a social exchange perspective, then, human behavior may be. A woman could be happy in her job, yet leave for a new position which offers even higher pay, better working conditions, or a more interesting assignment. George homans, john thibaut, harold kelley, and peter blau. Homans devised a framework built on a combination of behaviorism and basic economics. As a consequence, testsofthemodel,aswellasitsapplications,tendtorelyonanincompletely specifiedsetofideas. It represents the interdependent social function and the asymmetric control of resources and results in the context of a particular situation and social relations 4.
As a result, social exchange theory cannot be thought of as a single theoretical model. So, according to social exchange theory, the first scenario is more likely to produce prosocial behavior. Understand the nature of evidence about the relative effectiveness of theorybased interventions. If i emphasize envy as a pure concept representing a basic problem, i am not claiming that this concept, or the theory of the role of envy, explains everything in human life, in society, or in cultural history.
Prior to participants opportunity to help a partner through their performance on a manual dexterity task, the conditions. Social behavior as exchange american journal of sociology. Scholars who apply social exchange theory are able to explain many social phenomena in manner but are. Costs and benefits of helping there are three major ways that helping is usually rewarded. Exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. Social exchange theory views interactions between individuals as an exchange of goods and services that is carried out in pursuit of individual goals homans, 1958. Social exchange theory is a theory of both psychology and economics. Later, sociologists peter blau and richard emerson further developed the theory. He defined social exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible and more or less rewarding or costly, between at least two people. Social exchange theory is one of the most influential conceptual paradigms for understanding behavior. To consider social behavior as an exchange of goods may clarify the relations among four bodies of theory. History of the theory social exchange theory was developed in the year 1958, by the sociologist george homans. Nov 01, 2017 social exchange theory basically explains the behavior of people while exchanging something.
In examining social behavior as exchange, homans 1961 drew upon behaviorism to explain human behavior as comparable. Oct, 2016 social exchange theory is one of the most prominent conceptual perspectives in management, as well as related fields like sociology and social psychology. Social exchange and female resource theory social exchange theory analyzes interactions between two parties by examining the costs and benefits to each. Also, the theory involves economic relationships, it occurs when each party have goods that the other parties value. Social learning theory developed many years later as a.
This seems to me the paradigm of ele mentary social behavior, and the problem of the elementary sociologist is to state prop ositions relating the variations in the values. Social exchange theory was employed to predict instigative helping behavior as a function of 2 types of resources available to the recipient for reciprocation social and non social. Social exchange theory 3 social exchange theory is a broad conceptual paradigm that spans a number of social scientific disciplines, such as management, social psychology, and anthropology. A unifying framework from sociology, psychology and economics with which to analyze and understand social dynamics. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Social cognitive theory, and the social ecological model. Costs can be anything whether time, effort or money. It is proposed by social exchange theory that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. It postulates that people seek out partners and relationships where the value exchanged is in balance. Social exchange theory is one of the most prominent conceptual perspectives in management, as well as related fields like sociology and social psychology. Data from 475 hospital employees and their supervisors were consistent with our model. There are countless currencies that people exchange in the interpersonal marketplace. When the risks outweigh the rewards, people will terminate or abandon that relationship. Social exchange theory power point behavioural sciences.
In 1961, he amplified his argument in social behavior. In rejecting mentalistic constructs such as mind, consciousness, and other internal processes, behaviorism stresses the importance of studying observable behavior rather than phenomena that cannot be empirically verified. The social exchange theory has been applied to many different situations. The social exchange theory attributes a selfish motive to all actions, by assuming that all decisions are taken rationally. In defining what social marketing is, many authors include the notion of exchange theory to link it to its marketing roots e. He subsequently expanded these ideas in social behavior.
Within this framework, social behavior is viewed primarily in terms of the pursuit of rewards and the avoidance of punishment and other forms of cost. Despite its usefulness, theoretical ambiguities within. The fundamental concept of the theory of social exchange is cost and rewards. Understanding the social exchange theory with realworld.
According to this theory, people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships. Why give exploring social exchange and organization. As he emits behavior, each man may incur costs, and each man has more than one course of behavior open to him. Social exchange theory iowa state university digital repository. Social exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process.
Social exchange theory is a sociological and psychological theory that studies the social behavior in the interaction of two parties that implement a costbenefit analysis to determine risks and benefits. The theory also specifies the ways in which social identity can influence intergroup. This means that cost and reward comparisons drive human decisions and behavior. Social exchange theory an overview sciencedirect topics. Exchange theory benefits of adoppgting new behavior outweighs costs. There are various basic concepts of this theory are as follows. An employees trust in a supervisor is proposed to mediate the relationship between procedural fairness in the supervisors decision making and employee citizenship. Homans 1958 famous paper entitled social behavior as exchange laid the foundations of this orientation to the study of behavior. Social exchange theory suggests that these calculations occur in romantic. Social exchange and sexual behavior in young womens. Social exchange theory is a model of human behavior that has been developed to explain the processes by which people make relationships and maintain them.
It is concerned with how society is based on a series of exchanges being carried out between two or more parties, with all parties involved receiving positive consequences from the transactional relationship. Interestingly, in his early writings, homans, never uses the phrase social exchange theory. Exchange theory hamlin university of minnesota duluth. In fact, according to a recent study, its one of the most influential conceptual paradigms in organizational behavior.
Indeed, social exchange theory aims to explain what is not economic in social behavior. Despite its usefulness, theoretical ambiguities within set remain. Social exchange theory is also applicable to the workplace. Social exchange theory neither takes a utilitarian view of homo economicus nor does it assume risk. The social exchange theory starts with the premise that humans interact in social behavior in order to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Social exchange theory concept, examples, variables involved. Over the years, differing perspectives on social exchange have evolved, bridging disciples such as anthropology, sociology, organizational theory, and social psychology.
According to this theory, developed by sociologist george homans, people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships. The terms of the exchange reflect the relative power of each partner. It is the study of human behavior according to the situations. Social exchange theory in psychology verywell mind. The problem with concentrating on these specific works of homans and blau are that they result in a view of exchange theory as uniquely individualistic, totally ignoring. This makes perfect sense, because we spend so much at our lives at our jobs. Social marketing presentation office of sustainability. Jan 14, 2020 while social exchange theory is found in economics and psychology, it was first developed by the sociologist george homans, who wrote about it in a 1958 essay titled social behavior as exchange. Social exchange theory has its origins in the field of sociology in the work of george c. Monetary nonmonetary time, effort, energy, embarrassment, fear exit hardships abandoning current behavior entry sacrifices adoppgting new behavior. Social exchange theory is a broad social psychological perspective that attempts to explain how human social relationships are formed, maintained, and terminated.
Nov 30, 2017 this article develops and empirically examines a social exchange model of organizational citizenship behavior. Social identity is the part of the self that is defined by ones group memberships. Explanation of social behavior as exchange has its basis in the behavioral sciences sociology, psychology, anthropology, and economics. Citizenship behavior and social exchange academy of. Background social exchange theory was introduced in 1958 by the sociologist george homans with the publication of his work social behavior as exchange. Oct 01, 2011 social exchange and individual resources. Social exchange theory basically explains the behavior of people while exchanging something. In sociology, social exchange theory is a very major theoretical perspective social exchange theory is a twosided process. These mixed motives, evident in social exchange theory, align with the intrinsic and extrinsic in. Identify the most important considerations in choosing the right theory to address a health behavior problem in a particular population and context. Social relationship perspective according to social exchange theory, power is a concept that can reflect social concept. Social exchange theory in social psychology iresearchnet. Gouldner, 1960 have been used to explain the relationship of perceived organizational support and leadermember exchange with employee attitudes and behavior. The basic premise of this theory is that how people feel about a given interaction or relationship depends fundamentally on the outcomes that they perceive to be associated with it.
While social exchange theory is found in economics and psychology, it was first developed by the sociologist george homans, who wrote about it in a 1958 essay titled social behavior as exchange. According to social exchange theory, people evaluate their relationships by analyzing the benefits they. The purpose of this exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Definition social exchange theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. Apr 20, 2018 the genesis of social exchange theory goes back to 1958, when american sociologist george homans published an article entitled social behavior as exchange.
We can thus predict whether a particular interaction will be repeated by calculating the degree of reward approval or punishment disapproval resulting from the interaction. If i emphasize envy as a pure concept representing a basic problem, i am not claiming that this concept, or the theory of the role of envy, explains everything in human life, in. This article develops and empirically examines a social exchange model of organizational citizenship behavior. Central to the social exchange theory is the idea that an interaction that elicits approval from another person is more likely to be repeated than an interaction that elicits disapproval. Behaviorism focuses on learning and the way in which behavior is shaped by its antecedent conditions and consequences. After homans developed the theory, two other theorists. Social exchange theory was employed to predict instigative helping behavior as a function of 2 types of resources available to the recipient for reciprocation social and nonsocial. The theory of social exchange views human interactions and exchanges as a kind of resultsdriven social behavior.
1246 1401 249 731 669 495 1037 607 924 897 297 899 1167 1507 285 848 463 421 766 376 1285 1247 1058 517 241 1004 1405 390 338 1172 674 1372 90 64 104 141 1188 922 140 1492 549 571 658